What are the problems due to which transmission lines suffers mainly

Transmission lines suffer from three major problems:

Ø Attenuation distortion

Ø Delay distortion

Ø Noise

Attenuation distortion: it is the loss of energy as the signal propagates outward. The amount of energy depends on the frequency. If the attenuation is too much, the receiver may not be able to detect the signal at all, or the signal mat fall below the noise level. For reliable communication, the attenuation and delay over the range of frequencies of transmission should be constant.

Delay distortion: the second transmission impairment is delay distortion. Communication lines have distributed inductance and capacitance, which distort the amplitude of signals and also delay the signals at different frequencies by different amounts. It is caused by the fact that different Fourier components travel at different speed.

Noise:  Noise is a third impairment. It can be define as unwanted energy from sources other than the transmitter. Thermal noise is caused by the random motion of the electrons in a wire and is unavoidable.